Core Competencies

1. Characterize the accompanying: Cash Cow-a business or item which produces a durable, reliable progression of money. Canine an item with low piece of the overall industry in a moderate developing business sector and accordingly neither creates more expends a lot of money. Star-items that are in high development markets with a generally high portion of that showcase. They will in general create high measures of salary. Question Mark-developing quickly and in this manner devours a lot of money but since they have low markets shares they don't create a lot of money 2. What are center capabilities? Center skills are basic capacities to a business accomplishing serious advantage.The beginning stage for breaking down center capabilities is perceiving that opposition between organizations is as much a race for ability dominance for what it's worth for showcase position and market power. Senior administration can't concentrate on all exercises of a business and the abilities required to em brace them. So the objective is for the board to concentrate consideration on abilities that truly influence upper hand. 4 Potential wellsprings of center capabilities * Distribution * Marketing * Management * Manufacturing 4 rules used to assess center abilities * Valuable * Rare * Costly to mimic * Non substitutable 3.What should a review of assets incorporate? The assets accessible to a business whether it be claimed or gotten through associations, joint endeavors or basically providers course of action with different organizations. The appraisal of the quality and shortcoming of an association related to an evaluation of chances and dangers. It ought to have the key achievement factors for the business sectors and ventures being referred to and the practically identical qualities and shortcomings of contenders for similar clients. 4. What are the key alternatives for contending in a Mature Industry? * Prune minimal items and models * Emphasize advancement in the worth chain Stro ng spotlight on cost decrease * Increase deals to introduce clients * Purchase rivals at deal costs * Expand globally * Build new, increasingly adaptable serious abilities 5. Characterize the Value System The Value System is the arrangement of associated circumstances inside a business which both straightforwardly or in a roundabout way increases the value of the client and at last produces a net money inflow. This likewise gives a key connection between serious procedure and investor esteem. Despite the fact that the worth framework looks to some extent like Porter’s esteem chain, the last is maybe less adaptable and less effectively custom fitted to the assortment of the cutting edge business.

The Difference Between A Club And A Gang Essays - Free Essays

The Difference Between A Club And A Gang Essays - Free Essays The Difference Between a Club and a Gang The contrasts between a club and a posse, are very unmistakable, yet it is the connotational contrasts between these two words which recognizes one from the other. The New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language characterizes a club as; ...an relationship of individuals with some normal intrigue who meet periodically... It characterizes a posse as ...a number of men or young men banding together, esp. lawlessly... This definition is generally inclined toward applying to male youth, and cliché hoodlums, from the Mafia to road crooks. People who frequently have an antagonistic demeanor toward youth see posses. Frequently people structure groups out of dread and for the assurance of their individuals whether they are the Bloods and Crips of Los Angeles or the Sharks and the Jets of West Side Story. Gangs may not have a lot of formal composed guidelines, yet every one of them have their own arrangements of customs or conditions. Packs could possibly be encouraged in a part of higher and lower individuals, mirroring a military model. Packs frequently have an inexactly characterized define of objectives, and are regularly engaged with reprobate exercises. A socially endorsed type of a group is a club. Americans for the most part see clubs as character building authority openings; while, people pigeonhole into groups are oppressed as hoodlums. Clubs are framed in light of productive objectives, for example, making it simpler for its individuals to discover parts for a specific brand of car. Financial class, scholastic accomplishment, or saw jobs in the public arena for its individuals all have an influence in the particular treatment given to a gathering which a general public considers a club as opposed to a group. For example, portions of the open foreseen that cruiser riders would cause a huge ascent in wrongdoing inside the Hollister territory during the bike rally. This prompted a reactionary reaction from nearby law specialists. The occasion, in contrast to past events, finished without significant episode. Maybe now individuals are progressively able to see motorcyclists as a club rather than a posse. Furthermore, common laborer s individuals are bound to be captured, and in this manner, in gatherings and when pigeonholed into groups might be relied upon to perpetrate more wrongdoings or be criminal; the unavoidable cycle proceeds. Morgan Glines October 3, 1996 English AP

The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby

The Biography of the Psychologist John Bowlby History and Biographies Print Biography of Psychologist John Bowlby The Founder of Attachment Theory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Erin Lester/Cultura Exclusive/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Known For Early Life Career Attachment Theory Contributions to the Field of Psychology Key Publications View All Back To Top John Bowlby (February 27, 1907 - September 2, 1990) was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood attachments played a critical role in later development and mental functioning. His work, along with the work of psychologist Mary Ainsworth, contributed to the development of attachment theory.?? Bowlby believed that children are born with a biologically-programmed tendency to seek and remain close to attachment figures. This provides nurturance and comfort, but it also aids in the child’s survival. Sticking close to a caregiver ensures that the child’s needs are met and that he or she is protected from dangers in the environment. Known For Being the originator of attachment theoryResearching child developmentInfluencing modern-day psychology, education, child care, and parenting Early Life Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. Believing that too much parental affection and attention would spoil a child, his parents spent only a small amount of time with him each day. At the age of seven, he was sent to boarding school, which he would later describe as a traumatic experience. Bowlby went on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied psychology and spent time working with delinquent children. After graduating from Cambridge, Bowlby volunteered at a school to gain experience and consider his career goals. His work at the school with two maladjusted children set the course of his future and inspired him to become a child psychiatrist. He then studied medicine at University College Hospital, followed by studying psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital. During this time, Bowlby also studied at the British Psychoanalytic Institute and was initially influenced by the work of Melanie Klein, a psychologist who created the play therapy technique. He eventually became dissatisfied with Klein’s approach, believing that it focused too much on children’s fantasies and not enough on events in the environment, including the influence of parents and caregivers. After becoming a psychoanalyst in 1937, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II. In 1938, he married a woman named Ursula Longstaff and together they had four children. Once the war was over, Bowlby became Director of the Tavistock Clinic, and in 1950 he became a mental health consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO). Career and Theory Bowlby’s early work with children led him to develop a strong interest in the subject of child development. He became particularly interested in how separation from caregivers impacted children.?? After studying the subject for some time, he began to develop his ideas on the importance of attachment on child development. In 1949, WHO commissioned Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in Europe. In 1951, the resulting work Maternal Care and Mental Health was published. In it, he wrote, “…the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment.” After the publication of the influential report, Bowlby continued to develop his attachment theory. Bowlby drew on a variety of subjects,?? including cognitive science, developmental psychology, evolutionary biology, and ethology (the science of animal behavior). His resulting theory suggested that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. Bowlby had trained as a psychoanalyst and, much like Sigmund Freud, believed that the earliest experiences in life have a lasting impact on development. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the childs chances of survival. He suggested that both mothers and infants had evolved to develop an innate need for proximity. By maintaining this closeness, infants are more likely to receive the care and protection that they need to ensure their survival. Bowlby was also influenced by the work of Konrad Lorenz, a zoologist and ethologist who demonstrated that attachment was both innate and aided in survival. In Lorenz’s well-known 1935 study on imprinting, he was able to show that young geese would imprint on attachment figures in the environment within a certain critical period after hatching. Lorenz was even able to get newly-hatched geese to imprint on him and view him as a “mother” figure. This revealed that not only is attachment innate but that there is also a critical period during which the formation of attachment relationships is possible. Lorenz’s research found that after a certain period (approximately 32 hours for geese), an attachment was not likely to occur. The central theme of Bowlby’s attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infants needs establish a sense of security. The baby knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to feel safe to explore the world. Attachment Theory Bowlby defined attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. His ethological theory of attachment suggests that infants have an innate need to form an attachment bond with a caregiver. This is an evolved response that increases a childs chances of survival; babies are born with a number of behaviors, such as crying and cooing, and caregivers are biologically programmed to respond to these signals and attend to the babys needs. While mothers are often associated with this role as primary caregivers and attachment figures, Bowlby did believe that infants could form such bonds with others. The formation of the attachment bond offers comfort, security, and nourishment, but Bowlby noted that feeding was not the basis or purpose of this attachment, allowing bonds to be formed with fathers and other significant caregivers. Bowlby also suggested that attachment forms in a series of stages: During the first part of the pre-attachment phase, babies recognize their primary caregiver but do not yet have an attachment. Their crying and fussing draw the attention and care of the parent, which is rewarding to both the child and the caregiver. As this stage progresses through about three months, infants begin to recognize the parent more and develop a sense of trust.During the indiscriminate attachment phase, infants show a distinct preference for the primary caregivers, as well as certain secondary caregivers, in their lives.During the discriminate attachment period, children form a strong attachment to one individual and will experience separation distress and anxiety when parted from that person.Finally, during the multiple attachment phases, children begin to develop strong attachments to people beyond the primary caregivers. Contributions to Psychology John Bowlby’s research on attachment and child development left a lasting impression on psychology, education, child care, and parenting. Researchers extended his research to develop clinical treatment techniques and prevention strategies.?? His work also influenced other eminent psychologists, including his colleague Mary Ainsworth, who also made significant contributions to attachment theory by expanding on Bowlbys research to develop a method for observing a childs attachment to a caregiver. In a 2002 survey of psychologists published in the Review of General Psychology, Bowlby was ranked as the 49th most frequently cited psychologist of the 20th century. Key Publications Bowlby, J. (1946). Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the childs tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 1-23. Bowlby, J. (1968). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation, Anxiety, and Anger. London: Penguin Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.

A Reading Of Micheaux s Within Our Gates - 1418 Words

Ryan Baxter Ben Strassfeld Professor Daniel Herbert Screen Arts Cultures 352 14 October 2015 A Reading of Micheaux’s Within Our Gates (1920) In 1920, pioneering African American film director Oscar Micheaux released his second picture, Within Out Gates. The film is a silent drama that revolves around a young professional woman, Sylvia Landry, her quest to fund an opening rural school for black children, and her past experience of violent racism in the South. It is a work largely concerned with African Americans as being at a sort of impasse in history and, furthermore, with the positing of a strong ideal of upward social mobility for black citizens going into the post-war era. In the film’s beginning, Micheaux introduces a†¦show more content†¦Further into the film, it becomes apparent that they are actually posited as two narratives of African American status in the United States. In the North, Micheaux portrays an African American professional middle class; in the South, he portrays African Americans as largely impoverished, uneducated, and subject to unfair systems of tenancy. In the North, there is a sense of opportunity; in the South, there is one of inferiority and constant struggle. Sylvia, who travels between these two worlds, can be seen as somewhat symbolic of her race at this point in history, or at least Micheaux’s ideal for advancement. She is educated, a professional, and individually capable; her main concern is with â€Å"the eternal struggle of her race and how she could uplift it.† Yet she is, at the same time, haunted by a past of subjugation and violence. In a jarring sequence toward the film’s end, it is revealed through flashback that her adoptive parents were lynched for the murder of their landlord, Gridlestone, a crime actually committed by a white tenant, and intercut with the depiction of this killing is an scene in which the victim’s brother, another white aristocrat, attempts to rape Sylvia in retribution. During this attack, the man realizes that Sylvia is his daughter from a past relationship with a black woman, w hich commentators, J. Ronald Green for one, speculate to be implied as similarly violent or coercive in nature. (Green, 40).

The Arlington National Cemetery By George Washington

I:HISTORY OF ARLINGTON: George Washington’s relation to the Arlington National Cemetery is that his step-grandson, (George Washington Parke Custis), once owned the land. George is related to Mr. Custis by his wife, Martha Washington. Martha had a different affair with George Washington Parke Custis’s grandfather, Daniel Parke Custis, who died July 8, 1757 of most likely a heart attack. Martha Dandridge relates to the Arlington National Cemetery because she is the grandmother of George Washington Parke Custis who owned the Arlington National Cemetery. Dandridge is Martha’s father’s last name. She gained the last names of Daniel Parke Custis and George Washington after she be-wed them. George Washington Parke Custis once was the owner of the†¦show more content†¦His revenge was to embarrass Robert for joining the Confederacy. Meig ruined the property and home, making the area unoccupiable by using the area as burial grounds because of the over stocked cemeteries and high level grounds which made it flood free. We have the Arlington National Cemetery today because of this debut. Civil War burials were in various places; prison, camps, hospitals, the front line, etc. Most deaths were honored depending on the symbolic meaning their body were represented as. Burials were based on religious matters as well as the rank and communal duties, but most important was the personal respect in the in the face of death. In 1874 Custis Lee sued the government to regain the estate of Arlington House, Congress returned it to him in 1883. Only to be sold back to the government for 150,000 dollars. II:TOMB OF THE UNKNOWNS(20TH) CENTURY: At the end of World War 1 four unknowns were exhumed from four World War 1 cemeteries in France, only one was chosen as the â€Å"Unknown Soldier.† The chosen unknown soldier was shipped to the United States aboard the USS Olympia, those remaining soldiers were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was placed at the Arlington National Cemetery because it was the honorary cemetery where people that had served in the United States forces were likely buried. The Tomb is supposed to show respect and honor, especially because we couldn’t identify him asShow MoreRelatedThe Arlington National Cemetery By George Washington1915 Words   |  8 Pagesshows that soldiers will die for their friends because they believe that it is their way to serve their nation. This quote represents what Arlington National Cemetery is about acres and acres of tombs to honor are soldiers. 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He had urged to Kennedy to be careful of what he said because it

Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay Free Essays

Still recognized as one of the literary giants of America. Langston Hughes played an of import function as a author and mind of the Harlem Renaissance. This was an artistic motion of African Americans that arose during the 1920s to observe the lives and civilization of Africans in the United States ( â€Å"Langston Hughes† ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because most of the African Americans had been brought to the New World as slaves of white Masterss. it was poets and authors like Hughes. an African American adult male. that helped to alter the perceptual experience of African Americans in the heads of the Whites one time bondage had been abolished. Hughes’ verse forms. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† published in 1926. and â€Å"Negro† published in 1958. hence depict African Americans as ordinary human existences like everybody else. and yet richer in civilization and civilisation than many others. seeing that they have participated in the building of the great â€Å"pyramids. † mentioned in both verse forms ( Hughes. 2007 ; Hughes ) . Hughes was direct and unfastened about the fact that his Hagiographas were meant to elate the conditions facing Africans in the United States ( Hughes. 1923 ) . They had been slaves. so therefore the Whites did non esteem them plenty even after the abolition of bondage. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published five old ages after the Tulsa Riot and during the Harlem Renaissance ( â€Å"Race Riot. Lynchings. and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s† ) . â€Å"Negro. † on the other manus. was published at a clip when racism was considered a bigger job than earlier. In fact. during the 1950s racism was at the head of American idea ( Lewis. 2002 ) . Many conflicts were fought to put inkinesss equal to Whites in the heads of all Americans. Hughes’ part of the fiftiess. his verse form â€Å"Negro. † was merely different to the extent that it was an artist’s part. Countless other Africans were contending on the streets of America to put things right one time and for all. Both verse forms. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro. † are looks of African American individuality. The first verse form begins therefore: â€Å"I’ve known rivers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Hughes ) . In the 2nd as in the first. although the poet has made clear that the storyteller is a negro – the verse form. â€Å"Negro† begins with the words. â€Å"I am a Negro† ( Hughes. 2007 ) . Because the Whites had been Masterss over African slaves. they were inclined to look down upon Africans. Since the Whites were proprietors of belongings in America and surely richer. the inkinesss longed to be like the Whites. But. Hughes would wish the Africans to experience at place in their ain teguments. With images of rivers every bit expansive as of the Euphrates. the Nile and the Mississippi – the verse form. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † reminds the African of his or her historical roots or the history of the great African peoples who have traveled across all of these rivers adding value to the historical watercourse of civilizations. The verse form has irregular. long lines without beat because it is doing a basic point: the African psyche is every bit deep as any human psyche could be. The African single indulges in deep thought as he travels across antediluvian rivers. What he must brood on is his ain individuality on foreign dirt. Remembering the history of his civilisation. he must maintain in head that life carries on. What’s more. the poet reminds his fellow African that the black race has survived despite all odds ( Hughes ) . Because â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published during the extremum of Harlem Renaissance. it refers to depth of the African psyche. given that art is frequently understood as the voice of the psyche and the Harlem Renaissance was all about advancing African art and civilization in the United States. Using soft images such as the Mississippi’s bosom â€Å"turning aureate in the sundown. † the poet uses his accent on rivers to stand as a symbol for the deepness of the African psyche ( Hughes ) . â€Å"Negro. † published during the 1950’s besides references â€Å"depths† ( Hughes. 2007 ) . As in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † the deepnesss mentioned by Hughes in both verse forms most likely refer to the deepness of African knowledge excessively. After all. both verse forms refer to the history of Africans. â€Å"Negro. † with its sentence agreements depicting either what had happened to Africans or what they have done in the history of the African civilisation – besides makes reference of the experiences and/or accomplishments that set Africans apart. for illustration. bondage and vocalizing ( Hughes. 2007 ) . The poet represents all Africans in both his verse form. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro. † What is more. both poems reference the fact that the Africans were portion of the labour force that built the ancient pyramids. In â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † it was the African who â€Å"looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it† ( Hughes ) . In â€Å"Negro. † the pyramid is said to hold arisen under the African manus. implying that the African was greatly skilled even at the clip of ancient pyramid building ( Hughes. 2007 ) . The chief difference between the two verse forms. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro† is. doubtless. the spirit of hope felt through the first verse form versus the sense of desperation assorted with hope in the 2nd verse form. Hughes must hold composed â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† in a different frame of head wholly. The verse form clearly promotes the African American civilization and art as originating in the deep history of humanity ( Hughes ) . Although â€Å"Negro† makes reference of universe history excessively. it does non needfully advance African American art. apart from its mention to vocalizing. The African American may be considered as more of a labourer or low paid worker than an creative person in â€Å"Negro† ( Hughes. 2007 ) . Possibly the verse form was non written to advance African American art at all. As mentioned antecedently. the 1950s saw the Whites and inkinesss of America contending over the inquiry of equal rights of Africans in about all major countries of province operation. including instruction. There were terrible jobs related to racism during this period of American history. Clearly. inkinesss were being looked down upon. It was in the temper of that hr that Hughes composed â€Å"Negro. † The verse form speaks of the mundaneness of the African person while depicting the good utilizations that Africans have been made of. for illustration. in the building of the â€Å"Woolworth Building† ( Hughes. 2007 ) . â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† is surely non blue or dejecting like â€Å"Negro. † chiefly because it does non do reference of bondage and victimization as the 2nd. After all. Hughes is contending against unfairness toward African Americans in the 1950s. In the 1920s. his cause was wholly different. If â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† had made frequent reference of darkness as does â€Å"Negro. † the Harlem Renaissance could non hold been considered a forerunner of hope ( Hughes. 2007 ) . References Hughes. L. ( 2007. Dec 2 ) . Negro. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //amandafa. blogspot. com/2007/12/negro-by-langston-hughes. hypertext markup language. ————– . ( 1926. Jun 23 ) . The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The State. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/45a/360. hypertext markup language. ————– . The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wmrfh. org/dcrews/index_files/Hughes_The % 20Negro % 20Speaks % 20of % 20Rivers. physician. Langston Hughes. America’s Story from America’s Library. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/aa/hughes. Lewis. C. H. ( 2002 ) . The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the fiftiess. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Colorado. edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/civil. htm. Race Riot. Lynchings. and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s. Retrieved Mar 15. 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. premise. edu/ahc/raceriots/default. hypertext markup language. How to cite Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay, Essay examples

Penguins Essay Thesis Example For Students

Penguins Essay Thesis Myopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficientland/water animals? Recent research indicatestheres more to penguins than meets the eye. Ifyouve every wondered what it would be like tobe able to see as clearly under water as you canon land, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquaticanimals are short-sighted on land. Most terrestrialanimals (and that includes us) are far-sighted underwater. But researchers have discovered thatpenguins can apparently see equally well in bothenvironments, because of the unique structure oftheir eyes. Penguins have to be able to see wellunder water because their diet consists mainly ofplankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitablefish. Through a special slowing-down of their heartrate theyre able, like many other diving animals, tostay submerged long enough to search out andchase whatever catches their fancy. On dry land,its a different story-or has been up to now. Waddling along on their flat little feet, eyes fixedintently on the ground, penguins appear myopic,inefficient and generally out of place. In fact thereverse is true. During a recent stay on theFalkland Islands, a Canadian researcherdiscovered that penguins are able to recognizeindividuals and navigate the rocky terrain on whichthey live quite well. Long of body and short of leg,they probably poke their heads forward as an aidto balance. And as for looking at the ground,theyre merely-like us-keeping an eye on wheretheyre going. The human eye is adapted for aerialvision, which is why scuba divers-or even you andI in the local swimming pool-must wear goggles ora face mask to re-introduce air in front of our eyesin order to see clearly. Among vertebrates ingeneral, the bird eye is frequently described as themost efficient. Its superior quality, combined withthe fact that a large number of birds-cormorants,pelicans, seagulls, even ducks, as well aspenguins-get their food from water, obvi ouslydeserved research beyond that possible in acontrolled environment such as an aquarium orzoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of the University ofWaterloo and his associate, Professor HowardHowland of Cornell University, had a chance todo that research recently. Their trip had but onepurpose-to study the structure of penguins eyeswhile observing their natural habitat. The FalklandIslands, off the coast of Argentina, offered thisopportunity, being one the few areas outsideAntarctica where penguins can be found in largenumbers. Three of the 16 known species werelocated there: the Gentoo, which live on flat areasright off the beach; the Magellan (also calledJackass), which live in burrows; and theRock-hoppers, which live among the rocks alongthe cliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the mostcommon, having a population of well over100,000. The general rule is, the smaller thepenguin, the meaner the temperament, and theresearchers did witness the odd fight. Theirflippers may look pretty useless out of water, butits not smart to play around with a penguin. Helllstand his ground in a face-off and if youre foolishenough to get too close, those flippers can knockyou flat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however,had little trouble. Rock-hoppers alwayscongregate in fairly tight groups, as a defenseagainst predatory birds such as the skua (a largeseagull that thinks its a hawk), and two moreupright figures in their midst didnt seem to botherthem. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m,the scientists used two devices: one, developed byProfessor Howland, to take photographs of thepenguins eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .postImageUrl , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:hover , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:visited , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:active { border:0!important; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:active , .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u917a38c10dfaba0a79b3f97330405cad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stc Five Forces Model and Competitive Advantage EssaySivak, to shine a series of concentric circles on thecornea and give a measurement of how reflectionsof objects are altered by curvature of the eye. Despite the fact all the work had to be done atnight-the only time the penguins pupils weredilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similarphotos of human eyes, and study of the internalstructure of the eyes of creatures discovered killedby seal lions, proved the scientists theory that thepenguins eyes are the secret of its survival. Ingeneral terms, a penguin eye and a human eye arealmost identical. Both have the same componentsnecessary for vision-a cornea through which lightcan enter; an iris which controls the amount of lightthat enters; and a crystalline lens that focuses thelight onto the back of the eye where a specializedmembrane, the retina, receives it and passes themessage along the optic nerve to the brain forinterpretation. In the penguin eye, hoever, thereare many subtle differences. The cornea, forexample, is markedly flattened compared to ours so much so that it almost resembles awindow-pane. This greatly alters the angle atwhich light can enter the eye and is very importantfor underwater swimming, when light enters theeye obliquely through a medium (water) whose density is quite different to the density of air. Thepenguin iris is controlled by a very powerfulmuscle which is able to drastically alter the shapeof the lens attached to it, depending on whetherthe penguin is in or out of the water. The lens,comparatively larger than ours and differentlyshaped, focuses the light coming through theflattened cornea onto the retinal body at the backof the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts towhatever medium it happens to be in at the time. Interestingly, there was no evidence of eyeproblems (apart from one incident of blindnessdue to injury) in the group of penguins studied. Ofcourse penguins dont read, watch TV orencounter any of the numerous irritants weland-bound animals subject ourselves-or aresubjected-to during our lifetime. Both the testingdevices and methods used in this study are easilyadaptable for use with human eyes, paving theway for fast, easy identification of eye problems. Also, the researchers hope that the insights theyvegained into how animals deal with twoenvironments may lead to knowledge of howhumans, in the future, might do likewise.